A Commercial Driver's License (CDL) is required to operate large commercial vehicles — trucks over 26,001 pounds, passenger vehicles carrying 16 or more people, and vehicles transporting hazardous materials. Approximately 3.6 million CDL holders drive commercial vehicles in the United States (FMCSA), making commercial driving one of the largest professional categories in the country.
Key Takeaways
- A CDL is required for: vehicles over 26,001 lbs GVWR, vehicles carrying 16+ passengers, and hazmat vehicles
- There are three CDL classes: Class A (combination vehicles), Class B (single heavy vehicles), Class C (smaller commercial vehicles and hazmat)
- The CDL process requires a CDL learner's permit, medical certificate, and a three-part skills test
- The Entry Level Driver Training (ELDT) federal requirement applies to all new CDL applicants since 2022
- CDL holders are subject to federal drug and alcohol testing requirements (FMCSA)
Authorizes operation of any combination of vehicles (tractor-trailer, double/triple trailers) with a GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating) of 26,001+ pounds, where the vehicle being towed exceeds 10,000 pounds.
Common Class A vehicles:
A Class A CDL holder can also operate Class B and C vehicles.
Authorizes operation of single vehicles (not combination) with a GVWR of 26,001+ pounds, and vehicles towing something not exceeding 10,000 pounds.
Common Class B vehicles:
A Class B CDL holder can also operate Class C vehicles.
Authorizes operation of vehicles not meeting Class A or B weight criteria, but designed to transport 16+ passengers (including driver) or transport hazardous materials (HAZMAT) as defined by federal regulations.
Common Class C vehicles:
Endorsements are added to a CDL to authorize specific vehicle types or cargo:
| Endorsement | Description |
|---|---|
| H | Hazardous materials |
| N | Tank vehicles (tankers) |
| P | Passenger vehicles |
| S | School bus |
| T | Double/triple trailers |
| X | Tank vehicle + HAZMAT (combination) |
HAZMAT endorsement (H) requires:
Federal minimums (states may be stricter):
All CDL applicants must pass a Department of Transportation (DOT) medical examination performed by a certified medical examiner listed in the FMCSA National Registry.
Medical certificate covers:
Medical certificates are valid for 2 years (or less if medical condition requires more frequent review).
The CDL written test has multiple components:
After passing, a Commercial Learner's Permit (CLP) is issued. The CLP must be held for a minimum of 14 days before the skills test.
Since 2022, federal regulations require all new CDL applicants (and endorsement upgraders for H, P, and S) to complete training from an FMCSA-approved Training Provider Registry (TPR) school.
ELDT curriculum:
Cost: $3,000-$8,000 for full CDL training programs (company-sponsored programs are free in exchange for a driving contract)
The skills test has three components:
The skills test is conducted with a CDL-class vehicle.
"The truck driver shortage reached 78,000 drivers in 2023 and is projected to exceed 160,000 by 2031. CDL holders with clean records and good safety scores are among the most employable professionals in the country — starting pay for Class A drivers averages $55,000-$75,000/year with experienced drivers earning $80,000-$110,000+." — American Trucking Associations, Driver Supply Report, 2024
How long does it take to get a CDL? From starting the process to receiving a CDL: typically 4-12 weeks for full Class A training. Individual steps: DOT physical (1-2 hours), knowledge tests (half day), ELDT training (4-8 weeks for sponsored programs), skills test (1 day).
How much does CDL training cost? Independent CDL schools charge $3,000-$8,000. Many trucking companies offer free CDL training in exchange for a 1-2 year driving contract (driving for that carrier after certification).
Do I need a CDL for a pickup truck with a trailer? Not for a personal pickup towing a personal trailer in most states. CDL requirements apply to commercial operation. If the combination vehicle GVWR exceeds 26,001 pounds in a commercial context, a CDL is required.
Can I drive across state lines with a CDL? Yes — a CDL issued by any state is valid for commercial vehicle operation in all 50 states for the class and endorsements on the license. Interstate operation requires age 21+.
What disqualifies you from getting a CDL? Major disqualifiers include: DUI/DWI conviction, leaving the scene of an accident, using a commercial vehicle to commit a felony, and certain drug/alcohol violations. Some medical conditions (insulin-dependent diabetes without exemption, uncontrolled seizure disorder) also disqualify applicants.
Is CDL driving a good career? The trucking industry faces persistent driver shortages, offering strong demand and competitive pay. Class A OTR (over-the-road) drivers average $60,000-$90,000+/year. The lifestyle involves extended time away from home for long-haul operations; regional and local CDL jobs offer more predictable schedules.
Study traffic laws for all vehicle types on Wheelingo — permit and license prep for all 50 states.
Join thousands of learners who passed with Wheelingo. State-specific questions, instant feedback, and a personalized study path.
Download Wheelingo Free